Proceedings of the Conference on Hypothetical Reasoning, 23-24 August 2014, Tübingen

Hypothetical reasoning or reasoning under assumptions is a key concept of logic, philosophy of science and mathematics. The Conference on Hypothetical Reasoning focussed on its logical aspects, such as assumption-based calculi and their proof theory, logical consequence from a proof-theoretic or model-theoretic point of view, logics of conditionals, proof systems, structure of assumption-based proofs, hypotheses in proof-theoretic semantics, notions of implication, substructural logics, hypotheses in categorial logic, logical aspects of scientific explanation, hypothetical reasoning in mathematics and reasoning from definitions and axioms. The conference took place 23–24 August, 2014 in Tübingen at the Department of Philosophy, in conjunction with ESSLLI 2014. The proceedings collect abstracts, slides and papers of the presentations given

General Proof Theory. Celebrating 50 Years of Dag Prawitz's "Natural Deduction". Proceedings of the Conference held in Tübingen, 27-29 November 2015

General proof theory studies how proofs are structured and how they relate to each other, and not primarily what can be proved in particular formal systems. It has been developed within the framework of Gentzen-style proof theory, as well as in categorial proof theory. As Dag Prawitz's monograph "Natural Deduction" (1965) paved the way for this development (he also proposed the term "General Proof Theory"), it is most appropriate to use this topic to celebrate 50 years of this work. The conference took place 27-29 November, 2015 in Tübingen at the Department of Philosophy. The proceedings collect abstracts, slides and papers of the presentations given, as well as contributions from two speakers who were unable to attend

Beyond Logic. Proceedings of the Conference held in Cerisy-la-Salle, 22-27 May 2017

The project "Beyond Logic" is devoted to what hypothetical reasoning is all about when we go beyond the realm of "pure" logic into the world where logic is applied. As such extralogical areas we have chosen philosophy of science as an application within philosophy, informatics as an application within the formal sciences, and law as an application within the field of social interaction. The aim of the conference was to allow philosophers, logicians and computer scientists to present their work in connection with these three areas. The conference took place 22-27 May, 2017 in Cerisy-la-Salle at the Centre Culturel International de Cerisy. The proceedings collect abstracts, slides and papers of the presentations given, as well as a contribution from a speaker who was unable to attend

VITA-D: Cholecalciferol substitution in vitamin D deficient kidney transplant recipients: A randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the post-transplant outcome

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Vitamin D does not only regulate calcium homeostasis but also plays an important role as an immune modulator. It influences the immune system through the induction of immune shifts and regulatory cells resulting in immunologic tolerance. As such, vitamin D is thought to exert beneficial effects within the transplant setting, especially in kidney transplant recipients, considering the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in kidney transplant recipients.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>The VITA-D study, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study with two parallel groups including a total of 200 kidney transplant recipients, is designed to investigate the immunomodulatory and renoprotective effects of cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃) within the transplant setting. Kidney transplant recipients found to have vitamin D deficiency defined as 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃< 50 nmol per liter will be randomly assigned to receive either oral cholecalciferol therapy or placebo and will be followed for one year. Cholecalciferol will be administered at a dose of 6800 International Units daily over a time period of one year.</p> <p>The objective is to evaluate the influence of vitamin D₃substitution in vitamin D deficient kidney transplant recipients on the post-transplant outcome. As a primary endpoint glomerular filtration rate calculated with the MDRD formula (modification of diet in renal disease) one year after kidney transplantation will be evaluated. Incidence of acute rejection episodes, and the number and severity of infections (analyzed by means of C-reactive protein) within the first year after transplantation will be monitored as well. As a secondary endpoint the influence of vitamin D₃on bone mineral density within the first year post-transplant will be assessed. Three DXA analyses will be performed, one within the first four weeks post-transplant, one five months and one twelve months after kidney transplantation.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00752401</p

Formale Dialogsemantiken für definitorisches Räsonieren und Implikationen als Regeln

In dialogue semantics, the logical constants receive a certain game-theoretical interpretation. Dialogues are games between two players, the proponent and the opponent, who can alternatingly either attack assertions made by the other player or defend their own assertions. The logical validity of an assertion made by the proponent in the first move consists in the existence of a winning strategy for the proponent for this assertion. Based on a modified standard dialogue semantics for intuitionistic logic, we develop a formal dialogue semantics for definitional reasoning. Definitional reasoning is an extension of logic programming, in which an underlying logic can by extended by definitions of a certain form. The presented dialogue semantics is a semantics for logical reasoning with respect to such definitions. We also develop a formal dialogue semantics for implications considered as rules. Different to standard dialogue semantics for intuitionistic logic, this new semantics needs an additional argumentation form corresponding to cut. An equivalence result is proved for the resulting formal dialogue semantics and the intuitionistic sequent calculus for implications as rules.In Dialogsemantiken erhalten die logischen Konstanten eine gewisse spieltheoretische Interpretation. Dialoge sind Spiele zwischen zwei Spielern, dem Proponenten und dem Opponenten, die abwechselnd Behauptungen des jeweils anderen Spielers entweder angreifen oder ihre eigenen Behauptungen verteidigen können. Die logische Gültigkeit einer vom Proponenten im ersten Spielzug behaupteten Aussage besteht dann in der Existenz einer Gewinnstrategie des Proponenten für diese Aussage. Ausgehend von einer modifizierten Standarddialogsemantik für die intuitionistische Logik wird zum einen eine formale Dialogsemantik für definitorisches Räsonieren entwickelt. Das definitorische Räsonieren stellt eine Erweiterung der Logikprogrammierung dar, bei der eine zugrundeliegende Logik um Definitionen bestimmter Form erweitert werden kann. Die vorgestellte Dialogsemantik ist eine Semantik für das logische Schließen bezüglich derartiger Definitionen. Zum anderen wird eine formale Dialogsemantik für als Regeln aufgefaßte Implikationen entwickelt. Anders als bei Standarddialogsemantiken für die intuitionistische Logik bedarf diese neue Semantik unter anderem auch einer der Schnittregel entsprechenden Argumentationsform. Für die resultierende formale Dialogsemantik wird ein Äquivalenzresultat für den für Implikationen als Regeln vorgeschlagenen intuitionistischen Sequenzenkalkül bewiesen